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We present a macroscopic calculation of coherent electro-magnetic radiationfrom air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays, based on currentsobtained from Monte Carlo simulations of air showers in a realisticgeo-magnetic field. We can clearly relate the time signal to the timedependence of the currents. We find that the the most important contribution tothe pulse is related to the time variation of the currents. For showers forminga sufficiently large angle with the magnetic field, the contribution due to thecurrents induced by the geo-magnetic field is dominant, but neither the chargeexcess nor the dipole contribution can be neglected. We find a characteristicbipolar signal. In our calculations, we take into account a realistic index ofrefraction, whose importance depends on the impact parameter and theinclination. Also very important is the role of the positive ions.

Macroscopic Treatment of Radio Emission from Cosmic Ray Air Showers based on Shower Simulations