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The aim of the study was to characterize four unique varieties of honey (saffron, apple, cherry and Plectranthus rugosus) from Kashmir valley of India on the basis of physico-chemical parameters (moisture content, pH, hydroxymethylfurfural, water activity, proline content, invertase and diastase activity) and carbohydrate profile. Also the effect of temperature (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30°C) on rheological properties of all unique honey varieties was studied. All the physicochemical parameters studied were significantly different (P<0.05) among all honey varieties. Eleven types of sugars were identified and quantified by HPLC which include three monosaccharides, four disaccharides and four trisaccharides. The presence of carbohydrates in all analyzed honey varieties was further confirmed by obtaining a band from 1400 to 750cm−1 which corresponds to the most sensitive absorption region of the sugars by using FTIR–ATR. All the honey samples displayed a Newtonian fluid behavior, with loss modulus (G″) very much greater than storage modulus (G′) which confirmed the dominancy of viscous nature in all honey varieties

Physico-chemical, rheological and sugar profile of different unifloral honeys from Kashmir valley of India