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Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs) on various materials havebeen extensively investigated because of their wide applications. Thecombination of different materials allows for greater freedom in tailoringtheir functions and achieving responses not possible in a homogeneous material.By utilizing a femtosecond (fs) laser to irradiate the Fe-doped PolyvinylPyrrolidone (PVP) composite film, highly regular ultrafine nanogratings(U-nanogratings) with a period as small as 35.0 ($\pm$ 2.0) nm can beself-organized on the surface with extremely high efficiency. The period of theU-nanogratings can be controlled by varying the scanning speed of the laserbeam (deposited energy) and the thickness of the composite film. Based on theexperimental, theoretical, and simulation results, we propose a two-stepformation mechanism: composite film excitation and two sequentgrating-splitting. The high photosensitivity and low glass transitiontemperature of the composite film facilitate the fabrication of the ultrafinenanostructures. The proposed design method for the composite material andfabrication process could not only provide a strategy for obtaining highlyregular U-nanogratings, but also offer a platform to explore the interactionphysics between ultra-short pulses and matter under extreme conditions.

applied surface science

Sub-40nm Nanogratings Self-Organized in PVP-based Polymer Composite Film  by Photoexcitation and Two Sequent Splitting under Femtosecond Laser  Irradiation