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MXenes are a new, and growing, family of 2D materials with very promisingproperties for a wide variety of applications. Obtained from the etching of MAXphases, numerous properties can be targeted thanks to the chemical richness ofthe precursors. Herein, we highlight how etching agents govern surfacechemistries of Ti$_3$C$_2$T$_x$, the most widely studied MXene to date. Bycombining characterization tools such as X-ray diffraction, X-rayphotoelectron, Raman and electron energy loss spectroscopies, scanning andtransmission electron microscopies and a surface sensitive electrochemicalreaction-the hydrogen evolution reaction, HER-we clearly demonstrate that theetching agent (HF, LiF/HCl or FeF$_3$/HCl) strongly modifies the nature ofsurface terminal groups (F, OH and/or O), oxidation sensitivity, delaminationability, nature of the inserted species, interstratification, concentration ofdefects and size of flakes. Beyond showing how using these differentcharacterization tools to analyze MXenes, this work highlights that the MXenesynthesis routes can influence targeted applications.

One MAX phase, different MXenes: a guideline to understand the crucial role of etching conditions on Ti$_3$C$_2$T$_x$ surface chemistry