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A L 9 (3 4 ) orthogonal experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of 9 mixtures which consisted of Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ and I - ions at different ion concentrations on fungal diversity and toxigenic fungal growth in a Bacillus subtilis -fermented liquid feed (FLF) using pyrosequencing. The maximal Chao estimator and Shannon index were achieved in the FLF with a mixture of Cu 2+ (200 mg/kg), Zn 2+ (160 mg/kg), Fe 2+  (150 mg/kg) and I - (2.4 mg/kg). The minimal relative abundance of Aspergillus was achieved when a mixture of Cu 2+ (200 mg/kg), Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ and I - was added to the FLF. Compared with Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ and I - , Cu 2+ was the most important ion in inhibiting Aspergillus growth. Adding Zn 2+ (160 mg/kg), Cu 2+ , Fe 2+ and I - to the FLF minimized the relative abundance of Fusarium . It was Zn 2+ instead of Cu 2+ played a critical role in suppressing the growth of Fusarium . The proper use of the mixture of Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ and I - in FLF contributes to inhibit the growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi during storage. The new findings of this study help farmers properly use the mixture of Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ and I - to inhibit the growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi in the production of high quality FLF and alleviate mycotoxins damages to animals and humans.

animal nutrition

Pyrosequencing investigation into the influence of Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I− mixtures on fungal diversity and toxigenic fungal growth in a fermented liquid feed