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The introduction and emergence of agriculture into Eastern North America(ENA) and Europe proceeded very differently in both subcontinents: it varied intiming, speed, and mechanism. Common to both regions, agricultural subsistenceprofited from the introduction of major staple crops which had beendomesticated elsewhere; in both regions, the temperate climate and originallypredominant forest vegetation provided an environmental context conducive toagriculture. To understand the different paths to agricultural subsistence, anintegrated view of technological innovation, domestication and exchange ofdomesticates, migration and trade is required within the constraints imposed bythe environmental context and geography. This study makes use of a numericalmodel of regional socio-technological evolution which builds on adaptation ofimportant characteristics of prehistoric societies such as technology andsubsistence diversity. With this Global Land Use and Technological EvolutionSimulator (GLUES), regional transitions from foraging to agropastoralism, andassociated land use and demographic changes are realistically hindcasted. Ishow that the model is capable of explaining the different timing, speed, andtransition mechanisms: Europe received a large package of foreign domesticatesand converted rapidly to agriculture, this fast transition can be bestexplained with demic and cultural diffusion followed by fast adoption byresident foragers. In contrast, ENA trajectories show a more gradualtransition. Hunting-gathering and agropastoral life style coexisted for a longtime and agriculture was adopted slowly into the existing subsistence scheme.

Different mechanisms shaped the transition to farming in Europe and the North American Woodland