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Offloading data traffic from Infrastructure-to-Device (I2D) toDevice-to-Device (D2D) communications is a powerful tool for reducingcongestion, energy consumption, and spectrum usage of mobile cellular networks.Prior network-level studies on D2D data offloading focus on high levelperformance metrics as the offloading efficiency, and take into account theradio propagation aspects by using simplistic wireless channel models. Weconsider a D2D data offloading protocol tailored to highly dynamic scenarios asvehicular environments, and evaluate its performance focusing on physical layeraspects, like energy consumption and spectral efficiency. We do this by takinginto account more realistic models of the wireless channel, with respect to thesimplistic ones generally used in the previous studies. Our objective istwofold: first, to quantify the performance gain of the considered D2Doffloading protocol with respect to a classic cellular network, based on I2Dcommunications, in terms of energy consumption and spectral efficiency. Second,to show that using simplistic channel models may prevent to accurately evaluatethe performance gain. Additionally, the use of more elaborated models allows toobtain insightful information on relevant system-level parameters settings,which would not be possible to obtain by using simple models. The consideredchannel models have been proposed and validated, in the recent years, throughlarge-scale measurements campaigns.  Our results show that the considered protocol is able to achieve a reductionin the energy consumption of up to 35%, and an increase in the system spectralefficiency of 50%, with respect to the benchmark cellular system. The use ofdifferent channel models in evaluating these metrics may result, in the worstcase, in a sixfold underestimation of the achieved improvement.

On the impact of the physical layer model on the performance of D2D-offloading in vehicular environments