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This work explains the occurrence of transformation-induced plasticity viastress-assisted martensite, when designing ultrafine-grained duplex steels. Itis found that, when the austenite is reduced to a fine scale of about 300 nm,the initial deformation-induced microstructure can be dominated by parallellamellae of epsilon martensite or mechanical twinning, which cannot efficientlyprovide nucleation sites for strain-induced martensite. Hence, alpha martensitenucleation occurs independently by a stress-assisted process that enhancestransformation-induced plasticity in ultrafine-grained austenite. Thismetallurgical principle was validated experimentally by using a combination oftransmission Kikuchi diffraction mapping, transmission electron microscopy, andatom probe microscopy, and demonstrated theoretically by the thermodynamicsmodel of stress-assisted martensite.

Role of stress-assisted martensite in the design of strong ultrafine-grained duplex steels