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The freezing of colloidal suspensions is encountered in many natural andengineering processes. It can be harnessed through a process known as icetemplating, to produce porous materials and composites exhibiting uniquefunctional properties. The phenomenon by itself appears simple: asolidification interface propagates through a colloidal suspension. We arenevertheless still far from a complete understanding and control of thephenomenon. Such lack of control is reflected in the very large scattering ofmechanical properties reported for ice-templated ceramics, largely due to theformation of structural defects. Through systematic in situ investigations, wedemonstrate here the role of the suspension composition and the role ofparticle-particle electrostatic interactions on defect formation during icetemplating. Flocculation can occur in the intercrystal space, leading to adestabilisation of the solid/liquid interface triggering the growth of crystalsperpendicular to the main ice growth direction. This mechanism largelycontributes to the formation of structural defects and explains, to a largeextent, the scattering of compressive strength values reported in theliterature.

Particles redistribution and structural defects development during ice templating