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The main objective of this study is to quantify how differentpolicy-sensitive factors are associated with risk of motorcycle injury crashes,while controlling for rider-specific, psycho-physiological, and otherobserved/unobserved factors. The analysis utilizes data from a matchedcase-control design collected through the FHWA Motorcycle Crash CausationStudy. In particular, 351 cases (motorcyclists involved in injury crashes) areanalyzed vis-a-vis similarly-at-risk 702 matched controls (motorcyclists notinvolved in crashes). The paper presents a novel heterogeneity basedstatistical analysis that accounts for the possibility of both within andbetween matched case-control variations. Overall, the correlations between keyrisk factors and injury crash propensity exhibit significant observed andunobserved heterogeneity. The results of best-fit random parameters logit modelwith heterogeneity-in-means show that riders with partial helmet coverage havea significantly lower risk of injury crash involvement. Lack of motorcyclerider conspicuity captured by dark (red) upper body clothing is associated withsignificantly higher injury crash risk (odds ratio 3.87). Importantly, a ridermotorcycle-oriented lower clothing significantly lowers the odds of injurycrash involvement. Formal motorcycle driving training in recent years wasassociated with lower injury crash propensity. Finally, riders with less sleepprior to crash/interview exhibited 1.97 times higher odds of crash involvement.Methodologically, the correlations of several rider, exposure, apparel, andriding history related factors with crash risk do not only vary in magnitudebut in direction as well. The study results indicate the need to developappropriate countermeasures, such as refresher motorcycle training courses,prevention of sleep-deprived/fatigued riding, and riding under the influence ofalcohol/drugs.

A Heterogeneity Based Case-Control Analysis of Motorcyclist Injury Crashes: Evidence from Motorcycle Crash Causation Study