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Species of wild rice ( Oryza  spp.) possess a wide range of stress tolerance traits that can be potentially utilized in breeding climate-resilient cultivated rice cultivars ( Oryza sativa ) thereby aiding global food security. In this study, we conducted a greenhouse trial to evaluate the salinity tolerance of six wild rice species, one cultivated rice cultivar (IR64) and one landrace (Pokkali) using a range of electrophysiological, imaging, and whole-plant physiological techniques. Three wild species ( O. latifolia, O. officinalis  and  O. coarctata)  were found to possess superior salinity stress tolerance. The underlying mechanisms, however, were strikingly different. Na +  accumulation in leaves of  O. latifolia ,  O. officinalis  and  O. coarctata  were significantly higher than the tolerant landrace, Pokkali. Na +  accumulation in mesophyll cells was only observed in  O. coarctata , suggesting that  O. officinalis  and  O. latifolia  avoid Na +  accumulation in mesophyll by allocating Na +  to other parts of the leaf. The finding also suggests that  O. coarctata  might be able to employ Na +  as osmolyte without affecting its growth. Further study of Na +  allocation in leaves will be helpful to understand the mechanisms of Na +  accumulation in these species. In addition,  O. coarctata  showed Proto Kranz-like leaf anatomy (enlarged bundle sheath cells and lower numbers of mesophyll cells), and higher expression of C 4 -related genes (e.g.,  NADPME ,  PPDK ) and was a clear outlier with respect to salinity tolerance among the studied wild and cultivated  Oryza  species. The unique phylogenetic relationship of  O. coarctata  with C 4  grasses suggests the potential of this species for breeding rice with high photosynthetic rate under salinity stress in the future.

Proto Kranz-like leaf traits and cellular ionic regulation are associated with salinity tolerance in a halophytic wild rice