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Plant intracellular immune receptors known as NLR (Nucleotide-binding Leucine-rich repeat, NB-LRR) proteins confer resistance and cause cell death upon recognition of cognate effector proteins from pathogens. Plant NLRs contain a variable N-terminal domain: a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain or a coiled-coil (CC) domain or an RPW8 (Resistance to Powdery Mildew 8)-like CC (CC R ) domain. TIR-NLR, CC-NLR and CC R -NLR are known as TNL, CNL and RNL, respectively. TNLs and CNLs recognize pathogen effectors to activate cell death and defense responses, thus are regarded as sensor NLRs. RNLs are required downstream of TNLs to activate cell death and defense responses, thus are regarded as helper NLRs. Previous studies show that some TNLs form tetrameric resistosome as NAD +  cleaving enzymes to transduce signal, while some CNLs form pentameric resistosome with undefined biochemical function. Two recent breakthrough studies show that activated CNL and RNL function as Ca 2+  channel to cause cell death and defense responses and provide a completely new insight into the downstream signaling events of CNL and TNL pathways.

NADase and now Ca2+ channel, what else to learn about plant NLRs?