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In this study, C-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles (C-TiO 2 ) were prepared and tested as a photosensitizer for visible-light-driven photodynamic therapy against cervical cancer cells (HeLa). X-ray diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy confirmed the anatase form of nanoparticles, spherical shape, and size distribution from 5 to 15 nm. Ultraviolet-visible light spectroscopy showed that C doping of TiO 2 enhances the optical absorption in the visible light range caused by a bandgap narrowing. The photo-cytotoxic activity of C-TiO 2 was investigated in vitro against HeLa cells. The lack of dark cytotoxicity indicates good biocompatibility of C-TiO 2 . In contrast, a combination with blue light significantly reduced the survival of HeLa cells: illumination only decreased cell viability by 30% (15 min of illumination, 120 µW power), and 60% when HeLa cells were preincubated with C-TiO 2 . We have also confirmed blue light-induced C-TiO 2 -catalyzed generation of reactive oxygen species in vitro and intracellularly. Oxidative stress triggered by C-TiO 2 /blue light was the leading cause of HeLa cell death. Fluorescent labeling of treated HeLa cells showed distinct morphological changes after the C-TiO 2 /blue light treatment. Unlike blue light illumination, which caused the appearance of large necrotic cells with deformed nuclei, cytoplasm swelling, and membrane blebbing, a combination of C-TiO 2 /blue light leads to controlled cell death, thus providing a better outcome of local anticancer therapy.

Controlled killing of human cervical cancer cells by combined action of blue light and C-doped TiO2 nanoparticles