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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi show high promiscuity in terms of host. Effector proteins expressed by AM fungi are found important in establishing interaction with host. However, the mechanistic underlying host-specific interactions of the fungi remain unknown. The present study aimed (i) to identify effectors encoded by Rhizophagus proliferus and (ii) to understand molecular specificity encoded in effectors for interaction with specific plant species. The effectors predicted from the whole genome sequence were annotated by homology search in NCBI non-redundant protein, Interproscan, and pathogen-host interaction (PHI) databases. In total, 416 small secreted peptides (SSPs) were predicted, which were effector peptides with presence of nuclear localization signal, small cysteine-rich, and repeat-containing proteins domains. Similar to the functionally validated SP7 effectors in Rhizophagus irregularis, two proteins (RP8598 and RP23081) were identified in R. proliferus. To understand whether interaction between SP7 and the plant target protein, ERF19, is specific in nature, we examined protein-peptide interaction using in silico molecular docking. Pairwise interaction of RP8598 and RP23081 with the ethylene-responsive factors (ERF19) coded by five different plant species (Lotus japonicus, Solanum lycopersicum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Medicago truncatula, Diospyros kaki) was investigated. Prediction of high-quality interaction of SP7 effector with ERF19 protein expressed only by specific plant species was observed in in silico molecular docking, which may reiterate the role of effectors in host specificity. The outcomes from our study indicated that sequence precision encoded in the effector peptides of AM fungi and immunomodulatory proteins of host may regulate host specificity in these fungi.

Effector proteins of Rhizophagus proliferus: conserved protein domains may play a role in host-specific interaction with different plant species