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This paper presents an effort to model the process parameters involved in turning of alloy steel AISI 4340 workpiece material with Al 2 O 3  and CuO hybrid nanofluids using the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) method. In this paper, the effect of mixing two nanoparticles (Al 2 O 3  and CuO) with different weight percent in environmentally friendly water-based cutting fluid, the rotational speed, and the feed rate has been investigated on the surface roughness and the machining forces using the response surface method. The results of the experiments show that the hybrid nanofluid containing 0.75 CuO with 0.25 Al 2 O 3  has the best output for the machining forces and the surface roughness. Also, in the best composition of the nanoparticles (0.75 CuO with 0.25 Al 2 O 3 ), the lowest value of machining forces has been achieved at a feed rate of 0.08 mm per revolution and the rotational speed 1000 rpm as well as the lowest value of the surface roughness at a feed rate of 0.08 mm per revolution and the rotational speed 710 rpm.

Effects of hybrid Al2O3–CuO nanofluids on surface roughness and machining forces during turning AISI 4340