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Geochemical evaluation of the species and potential sources of P in groundwater in and around Mataram City, Lombok Island, Indonesia can aid in the initial research on evaluating the fate of P when detailed geological information is unavailable. The results of ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy show that the concentrations of PO 4  3–  and total dissolved P (TDP) in groundwater range from approximately 0.1 to 8.5 mg l –1  and from 0.04 to 2.95 mg l –1 , respectively. Dissolved inorganic P accounted for 86%, on average, of the TDP concentration, and PO 4  3–  represented the predominant P species in this groundwater. The potential sources for most of this dissolved PO 4  3– , according to indices developed based on the PHREEQC software and groundwater quality data, could be the dissolution of hydroxyapatite and/or vivianite minerals. However, the potential sources of dissolved PO 4  3–  in groundwater with a TDP concentration of ≥ 1 mg l –1  is likely to be the reduction of Fe(III)–(hydro)oxides, the initial decomposition of organic matter, or the dissolution of carbonate-rich fluorapatite considering the Fe 2+ , dissolved organic carbon, Ca 2+  and F −  concentrations measured. In addition, as several groundwater samples had a TDP concentration of ≤ 1 mg l –1  and comparatively high concentration of NO 3  – , other potential sources of dissolved PO 4  3–  in this groundwater could be anthropogenic.

Species and potential sources of phosphorus in groundwater in and around Mataram City, Lombok Island, Indonesia