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Pear decline, induced by the phytoplasma ' Candidatus  Phytoplasma pyri', transmitted by pear psyllids, is one of the most devastating diseases on  Pyrus communis  in Europe and North America. Investigations of pear psyllids in 4 pear orchards in lower Austria showed the presence of  Cacopsylla pyri ,  C. pyricola  and  C. pyrisuga  at all locations. PCR analyses revealed overall phytoplasma infection rates for  C. pyri  of 5.4%, for  C. pyricola,  of 4.6%, for  C. pyrisuga  remigrants of 9.6% and for  C. pyrisuga  emigrants of 0%. The rates of PCR-positive  C. pyri  and  C. pyricola  individuals varied greatly in the course of the year, and the highest infection rates were observed in late summer, autumn and in late winter. In transmission experiments with healthy pear seedlings, winterform individuals of  C. pyri and C. pyricola  transmitted the pathogen to 19.2% (5 out of 26) and 4.8% (2 out of 41) of the test plants, respectively. The vectoring ability of  C. pyrisuga  was experimentally proven for the first time, and in transmission experiments with remigrants, 9.5% (2 out of 21) of the pear seedlings were infected. Our data indicate a significant risk of pathogen transmission in pear orchards during the greater part of the year, especially in late winter, early spring and autumn. Multilocus sequence analysis by aid of the genes  aceF  and  imp  allowed the discrimination between 15 phytoplasma types. Three so far undescribed  aceF  genotypes and four undescribed  imp  genotypes were identified.

Vector transmission and epidemiology of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ in Austria and identification of Cacopsylla pyrisuga as new pathogen vector