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The authors of this article have each been involved, over the course of more than a decade, in the basic science and/or clinical investigation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mechanisms involving the brain, i.e. in neuroinflammation research [1–16]. One of the aims of our 2014 review was to bring together the increasing scientific evidence, from multiple fields of investigation and multiple academic centers that support a central role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of post-stroke neurological dysfunction [17]. In 2014, neuroinflammation has emerged as an area of increased international research interest, with intense interest in Europe and a new neurology journal devoted to this specific field [18–20].

Authors’ Reply to Whitlock: Perispinal Etanercept for Post-Stroke Neurological and Cognitive Dysfunction: Scientific Rationale and Current Evidence