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In this research, treated metakaolinite (TMK) was introduced into the TiO 2  photoelectrode to fabricated dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The photovoltaic cells have four main natural components, i.e., a photosensitizer (carotenoid bixin), photoelectrode (TiO 2 /kaolinite), electrolyte (glycerine carbonate derivative), and counter-electrode (carbon). Their stability, reusability, and equivalent circuit were studied. The presence of 5% of TMK in anatase TiO 2  paste decreased the TiO 2  band gap from 3.21 to 3.16 eV. The result showed that the presence of 5% of TMK in TiO 2  paste was more favorable to obtain higher energy conversion efficiency. Under a light intensity of 200 W/m 2 , it produced an energy conversion yield of 0.086%. The combination of the electrolyte and the TMK demonstrated a synergistic effect to improve the electrical properties of the DSSC. The energy storage function worked well until the third day of analysis. The DSSC based on TiO 2 /TMK photoelectrode exhibited 16 times better stability than pure TiO 2 -based photoelectrode. The Faraday charge transfer processes showed that the TiO 2 /TMK photoelectrode is not in direct contact with the carbon counter-electrode.

materials for renewable and sustainable energy

Stability, reusability, and equivalent circuit of TiO2/treated metakaolinite-based dye-sensitized solar cell: effect of illumination intensity on Voc and Isc values