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Particulate matter (PM) as the carcinogenic air pollutants can lead to aggravated health outcomes. Epidemiological studies demonstrated that PM can be engaged in different diseases such as cardiovascular, respiratory and cancer. The in vitro secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) has been used to assess the effects of PM with an aerodynamic diameter &lt; 10 μm (PM 10 ). This study compared the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1-beta (IL1-β) secretions of PBMCs exposed to PM 10 of dust storm and inversion. We collected PM 10 samples during the spring and autumn seasons in two locations. Isolated PBMCs were exposed separately to 50, 150, and 300 μg/ml of different type of PM 10 for 4 and 24 h. The mean concentrations of TNF-α for the PM of dust storm and inversion were 6305.61 ± 2421 and 6651.74 ± 2820, respectively. Also the mean concentrations of IL1-β for the PM of dust storm and inversion were 556.86 ± 162 and 656.35 ± 196, respectively. Furthermore, these values for the production of IL-6 were 12,655 ± 5661 and 16,685 ± 8069, respectively. Although no significant difference was observed between the PM of dust storm and that of inversion with regard to PBMCs, the results showed a significant increase in the proinflammatory cytokine secretion of both PMs compared with the controls. Moreover, TNF-α, IL1-β, and IL-6 secreted in cells exposed to PM 10 of dust storm were about 10 times more than the controls, these values for cells exposed to PM 10 of inversion were around 10, 12, and 14 times more than the controls, respectively. It can be concluded that the PM 10 of both dust storm and inversion can play a significant role in proinflammatory cytokine secretion due to its harmful effect on human health. Graphical abstractThis picture shows the Proinflammatory cytokine producing potential of PM 10 with two sources (dust storm and urban air pollution) in exposure with human PBMCs in vitro.

journal of environmental health science and engineering

Proinflammatory effects of dust storm and thermal inversion particulate matter (PM10) on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro: a comparative approach and analysis