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Lead-free bulk ceramics for advanced pulsed power capacitors show relatively low recoverable energy storage density ( W  rec ) especially at low electric field condition. To address this challenge, we propose an A-site defect engineering to optimize the electric polarization behavior by disrupting the orderly arrangement of A-site ions, in which    $${\rm{B}}{{\rm{a}}_{0.105}}{\rm{N}}{{\rm{a}}_{0.325}}{\rm{S}}{{\rm{r}}_{0.245 - 1.5x}}{_{0.5x}}{\rm{B}}{{\rm{i}}_{0.325 + x}}{\rm{Ti}}{{\rm{O}}_3}$$  Ba 0.105 Na 0.325 Sr 0.245 − 1.5 x □ 0.5 x Bi 0.325 + x TiO 3 (   $${\rm{BN}}{{\rm{S}}_{0.245 - 1.5x}}{_{0.5x}}{{\rm{B}}_{0.325 + x}}{\rm{T}}$$  BNS 0.245 − 1.5 x □ 0.5 x B 0.325 + x T ,  x  = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08) lead-free ceramics are selected as the representative. The    $${\rm{BN}}{{\rm{S}}_{0.245 - 1.5x}}{_{0.5x}}{{\rm{B}}_{0.325 + x}}{\rm{T}}$$  BNS 0.245 − 1.5 x □ 0.5 x B 0.325 + x T ceramics are prepared by using pressureless solid-state sintering and achieve large  W  rec  (1.8 J/cm 3 ) at a low electric field (@110 kV/cm) when  x  = 0.06. The value of 1.8 J/cm 3  is super high as compared to all other  W  rec  in lead-free bulk ceramics under a relatively low electric field (&lt; 160 kV/cm). Furthermore, a high dielectric constant of 2930 within 15% fluctuation in a wide temperature range of 40–350 °C is also obtained in    $${\rm{BN}}{{\rm{S}}_{0.245 - 1.5x}}{_{0.5x}}{{\rm{B}}_{0.325 + x}}{\rm{T}}$$  BNS 0.245 − 1.5 x □ 0.5 x B 0.325 + x T ( x  = 0.06) ceramics. The excellent performances can be attributed to the A-site defect engineering, which can reduce remnant polarization ( P  r ) and improve the thermal evolution of polar nanoregions (PNRs). This work confirms that the    $${\rm{BN}}{{\rm{S}}_{0.245 - 1.5x}}{_{0.5x}}{{\rm{B}}_{0.325 + x}}{\rm{T}}$$  BNS 0.245 − 1.5 x □ 0.5 x B 0.325 + x T ( x  = 0.06) ceramics are desirable for advanced pulsed power capacitors, and will push the development of a series of Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 TiO 3  (BNT)-based ceramics with high  W  rec  and high-temperature stability.

journal of advanced ceramics

Remarkably enhanced dielectric stability and energy storage properties in BNT—BST relaxor ceramics by A-site defect engineering for pulsed power applications