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Plasma HIV RNA level has been shown to correlate with HIV disease progression, morbidity, and mortality. We examined the association between levels of plasma HIV RNA and cognitive function among patients in Nigeria. A total of 179 HIV-1-infected participants with available plasma HIV RNA results and followed longitudinally for up to 2 years were included in this study. Blood samples from participants were used for the measurement of plasma HIV RNA and CD4+ T cell count. Utilizing demographic and practice effect-adjusted T scores obtained from a seven-domain neuropsychological test battery, cognitive status was determined by the global deficit score (GDS) approach, with a GDS ≥ 0.5 indicating cognitive impairment. In a longitudinal multivariable linear regression analysis, adjusting for CD4 cell count, Beck's Depression Score, age, gender, years of education, and antiretroviral treatment status, global T scores decreased by 0.35 per log 10 increase in plasma HIV RNA [p = 0.033]. Adjusting for the same variables in a multivariable logistic regression, the odds of neurocognitive impairment were 28% higher per log 10 increase in plasma HIV RNA (OR 1.28 [95% CI 1.08, 1.51]; p = 0.005). There were statistically significant associations for the speed of information processing, executive, and verbal fluency domains in both linear and logistic regression analyses. We found a significant association between plasma HIV RNA levels and cognitive function in both baseline (cross-sectional) and longitudinal analyses. However, the latter was significantly attenuated due to weak association among antiretroviral-treated individuals.

Plasma HIV RNA level is associated with neurocognitive function among HIV-1-infected patients in Nigeria