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Animals that feed on forest tree seeds, such as  Apodemus  mice, increase in number after a mast year. At high latitudes, there is a similar delayed response by  Myodes  voles to high seed crops of bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus ), but here the mechanism is hypothesised to be increased forage quality, caused by a trade-off between reproduction and defence in the plants. Both  Apodemus  mice and  Myodes  voles eat berries, but only the latter feed on bilberry plants. Hence, only  Myodes  voles are predicted to respond to bilberry peak years. A second prediction is that the effect should last longer than any possible direct impacts of bilberries, because the plants would not be able to rebuild their defence until the succeeding summer. During a 21-year snap-trapping study of small rodents in Southern Norway, the spring population of bank vole ( Myodes glareolus ) was positively related to a bilberry seed index of the previous year, indicating increased winter survival, whereas the wood mouse ( Apodemus sylvaticus ) was not affected. Also the succeeding autumn population index of the bank vole was positively related to the bilberry index of the previous year, even when controlling for spring population levels. The wood mouse population responded to mast years of sessile oak ( Quercus petraea ), whereas seeds of Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) seemed to have some impact on both species. It is concluded that these rodents are mainly limited from below, but by different mechanisms for the granivorous and the herbivorous species.

mammal research

Evidence for different bottom-up mechanisms in wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) and bank vole (Myodes glareolus) population fluctuations in Southern Norway