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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, endogenously expressed RNAs (~21–22 nt) processed from stem-loop regions of longer RNA precursors by a Dicer-like enzyme (Jones-Rhoades et al., 2006). In plants, microRNAs play an essential role in regulating many fundamental molecular interactions, including plant growth, development and response to environmental stress (Rogers and Chen, 2013). In comparison with the roles of microRNAs in animals, biogenesis and function of microRNAs in plants appears to be drastically different (Llave et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2007). For example, prevalent in animal, microRNAs negatively regulate gene expression by attenuating translation. In contrast, direct microRNA-guided mRNA cleavage occurs in plant kingdom. In addition, for microRNA induced regulation in animal, translation is inhibited by microRNA with imperfect base-pairing to target mRNA. In plant, however, microRNAs inhibit the translation of target mRNA through extensively complementarity to its targets (Wu, 2013).

NGSmirPlant: comprehensive characterization of the small RNA transcriptomes of plants