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The effect of injection brine salinity on the displacement efficiency of low water salinity flooding was investigated using sea water at 35,000 ppm, and two field injection waters, namely, Um-Eradhuma (UER) at 171,585 ppm and simsima (SIM) at 243,155 ppm. The salinity of the employed waters was varied from original salinity to 1,000 ppm and used in the displacement of oil in selected core samples. The results of this set of experiments revealed that UER salinity of 5,000 ppm is the optimum system for the candidate reservoir. UER original water and its optimum water were then used in this project as the high and low salinity waters in the CO2–WAG flooding experiments. Displacement efficiencies were evaluated under three injection modes: carbon dioxide WAG miscible flooding (CO2–WAG, 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2), continuous CO2 injection, and waterflood. The WAG performance parameters, such as secondary and tertiary displacement efficiencies, CO2 flood utilization factor, and CO2 performance during different WAG flood cycles were determined. To insure miscibility condition between the injected gas and the employed oil, all of the flooding experiments were conducted at 3,200 psia (which is 300 psia above the minimum miscibility pressure of CO2 and used oil) and 250 °F. Experimental results indicated that core length is a critical parameter in determining the optimum WAG process, and that a minimum core length of 29 cm is required to insure the generation of miscibility before breakthrough in CO2–WAG flooding experiments. On the other hand, core length had no effect on the performance of the low salinity flooding experiments. Using single core flooding low salinity CO2–WAG of 1:2 flooding produced an improvement in the displacement efficiency of 29 % over the high salinity system. Also, composite core flooding experiments showed that the high salinity CO2-2:1 WAG achieved a displacement efficiency of 98 %. These results indicate that achieving miscibility at the reservoir conditions is the dominant mechanism and that low salinity will have no major effect on the displacement efficiency of CO2-Miscible WAG flooding. Results also indicate that oil recovery during different CO2–WAG cycles is a function of WAG ratios.

journal of petroleum exploration and production technology

Experimental investigation of the effect of injection water salinity on the displacement efficiency of miscible carbon dioxide WAG flooding in a selected carbonate reservoir