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Entomopathogenic bacteria from the genera  Photorhabdus  and  Xenorhabdus  are closely related Gram-negative bacilli from the family  Enterobacteriaceae  (γ- Proteobacteria ). They establish obligate mutualistic associations with soil nematodes from the genera  Steinernema  and  Heterorhabditis  to facilitate insect pathogenesis. The research of these two bacterial genera is focused mainly on their unique interactions with two different animal hosts, i.e. nematodes and insects. So far, studies of the mutualistic bacteria of nematodes collected from around the world have contributed to an increase in the number of the described  Xenorhabdus  and  Photorhabdus  species. Recently, the classification system of entomopatogenic nematode microsymbionts has undergone profound revision and now 26 species of the genus  Xenorhabdus  and 19 species of the genus  Photorhabdus  have been identified. Despite their similar life style and close phylogenetic origin,  Photorhabdus  and  Xenorhabdus  bacterial species differ significantly in e.g. the nematode host range, symbiotic strategies for parasite success, and arrays of released antibiotics and insecticidal toxins. As the knowledge of the diversity of entomopathogenic nematode microsymbionts helps to enable the use thereof, assessment of the phylogenetic relationships of these astounding bacterial genera is now a major challenge for researchers. The present article summarizes the main information on the taxonomy and evolutionary history of  Xenorhabdus  and  Photorhabdus , entomopathogenic nematode symbionts.

Evolution and taxonomy of nematode-associated entomopathogenic bacteria of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus: an overview