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L. oneistus, named from the Greek oneistos meaning “most useful”, is a marine nematode that occurs in subtidal coarse sand from below the waterline. So far, it has only be collected from the sediment of the barrier reef surrounding the island of Carrie Bow Cay, in Belize (Ott et al. 1995). When extracted from the sediment, it tends to curl around its body or that of other conspecifics, due to its thigmotactic instinct, leaving only its anterior-most part protruding from such tight aggregations (Fig. 1a). 18S rRNA-gene based phylogeny placed L. oneistus into a group of closely related genera classified as the Stilbonematinae subfamily (Ott et al. 2004a, b). The group is monophyletic and forms a distinct clade within the Desmodoridae (Kampfer et al. 1998; Bayer et al. 2009). All the known stilbonematids establish ectosymbioses with thiotrophic Gammaproteobacteria (see below). A single layer of rodshaped bacteria, in the case of L. oneistus, covers the cuticle of the whole nematode, except for an anterior region, which in males can be up to 1/10 of their body length (ca. 1 mm). For simplicity, we refer to the ectosymbiont-free region of the L. oneistus body as the anterior (A) region and to the ectosymbiont-associated region as the posterior (P) region. Notably, the cuticle thins at the bacterial-coat onset (Urbancik et al. 1996) (Fig. 2). Besides the bacterial coat, two additional morphological characters unify all stilbonematids: a weak pharynx, glandular rather than muscular (Hoschitz et al. 2001), and unique epidermal organs known as glandular sense organs (GSOs; Fig. 1c, d and g) (Bauer-Nebelsick et al. 1995). Hundreds of GSOs underlie the worm cuticle throughout the A-P axis. They are separated from the cuticle only by an epidermal layer, which is thin and does not possess a basal lamina. Two gland cells (A and B) and a sensory neuron are the basic components of the GSO (Bauer-Nebelsick et al. 1995). This bears a central, pear-shaped canal (Fig. 1c, e and g) where secretory products can accumulate. The canal crosses the epidermis and cuticle and terminates in the pore of a bristle-like structure called the seta (Fig. 1b e and g). Therefore, a continuum exists between the GSO canal and the nematode surface. The P GSOs are crucial to the L. oneistus ectosymbiosis because they express and secrete the Ca-dependent sugarbinding protein Mermaid. This C-Type Lectin Domaincontaining protein (CTLD) is mannose-, galactose-, and Nacetylglucosamine-specific (Bulgheresi et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2006; Nabatov et al. 2008). Moreover, its carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) is structurally and functionally similar to the CRD of the human dendritic cell-specific immunoreceptor DC-SIGN (Bulgheresi et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2006; Nabatov et al. 2008; Mittal et al. 2009). The surface of the A cuticle is both free of bacteria and Mermaid lectin. Adding S. Bulgheresi (*) Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Laboratories of Genome Dynamics, Medical University of Vienna, Wahringerstrasse 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria e-mail: silvia.bulgheresi@univie.ac.at

Calling the roll on Laxus oneistus immune defense molecules