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Purpose To evaluate the role of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Methods Between February 2012 and February 2018, 103 patients with LARC treated by neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (neoCRT) and total mesorectal excision (TME) were included. PD-L1, mTOR and p-mTOR of pair-matched pre-neoCRT biopsies and post-neoCRT surgical tissue were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results The mean combined positive score (CPS), tumor proportion score (TPS) and immune cell score (IC) of pre-neoCRT were 2.24 (0–70), 1.87 (0–70) and 0.67 (0–10), respectively. The mean CPS, TPS and IC of post-neoCRT were 2.19 (0–80), 1.38 (0–80) and 1.60 (0–20), respectively. Significant difference was observed in terms of IC between pre-neoCRT and post-neoCRT (p = 0.010). The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate of the whole group was 62.4%. Multivariate analysis by Cox model indicated that pre-neoCRT TPS [hazard ratio (HR) 1.052, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.020–1.086, p = 0.001] and post-neoCRT CPS (HR 0.733, 95% CI 0.555–0.967, p = 0.028) were associated with DFS. In the 89 patients without pathological complete response, p-mTOR and IC were upregulated after neoCRT. Conclusions For patients with LARC treated by neoCRT and TME, p-mTOR and IC were upregulated after neoCRT. Pre-neoCRT TPS and post-neoCRT CPS were independent prognostic predictors of DFS.

Programmed death-ligand 1 and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in locally advanced rectal cancer