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In this paper, we bring together our efforts in identifying and understandingnonequilibrium phase segregation driven by active processes in the living cell,with special focus on the segregation of cell membrane components driven byactive contractile stresses arising from cortical actomyosin. This also hasimplications for active segregation dynamics in membraneless regions within thecytoplasm and nucleus (3d). We formulate an active version of the Flory-Hugginstheory that incorporates a contribution from fluctuating active stresses. Apartfrom knitting together some of our past theoretical work in a comprehensivenarrative, we highlight some new results, and establish a correspondence withrecent studies on Active Model B/B+. We point to the many unusual aspects ofthe dynamics of active phase segregation, such as (i) anomalous growthdynamics, (ii) coarsening accompanied by propulsion and coalescence of domainsthat exhibit nonreciprocal effects, (iii) segregation into mesoscale domains,(iv) emergence of a nonequilibrium phase segregated steady state characterisedby strong macroscopic fluctuations (fluctuation dominated phase ordering(FDPO)), and (v) mesoscale segregation even above the equilibrium Tc. Apartfrom its implications for actively driven segregation of binary fluids, theseideas are at the heart of an Active Emulsion description of the lateralorganisation of molecules on the plasma membrane of living cells, whose fullmolecular elaboration appears elsewhere.

Active Segregation Dynamics in the Living Cell