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Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase (Nox) resulted in inflammation. The negative regulator of ROS (NRROS) dampens ROS generation during inflammatory responses. 15-Deoxy-∆12,14-prostaglandin J 2  (15d-PGJ 2 ) exhibits neuroprotective effects on central nervous system (CNS). However, whether 15d-PGJ 2 -induced NRROS expression was unknown in rat brain astrocytes (RBA-1). NRROS expression was determined by Western blot, RT/real-time PCR, and promoter activity assays. The signaling components were investigated using pharmacological inhibitors or specific siRNAs. The interaction between transcription factors and the NRROS promoter was investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Upregulation of NRROS on the hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )-mediated ROS generation and interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion was measured. 15d-PGJ 2 -induced NRROS expression was mediated through PI3K/Akt-dependent activation of Sp1 and FoxO1 and established the essential promoter regions. We demonstrated that 15d-PGJ 2  activated PI3K/Akt and following by cooperation between phosphorylated nuclear FoxO1 and Sp1 to initiate the NRROS transcription. In addition, Nrf2 played a key role in NRROS expression induced by 15d-PGJ 2  which was mediated through its phosphorylation. Finally, the NRROS stable clones attenuated the H 2 O 2 -induced ROS generation and expression of IL-6 through suppressing the Nox-2 activity. These results suggested that 15d-PGJ 2 -induced NRROS expression is mediated through a PI3K/Akt-dependent FoxO1 and Sp1 phosphorylation, and Nrf2 cascade, which suppresses ROS generation through attenuating the p47 phox  phosphorylation and gp91 phox  formation and IL-6 expression in RBA-1 cells. These results confirmed the mechanisms underlying 15d-PGJ 2 -induced NRROS expression which might be a potential strategy for prevention and management of brain inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.

neurotoxicity research/neurotoxicity resarch

Involvement of FoxO1, Sp1, and Nrf2 in Upregulation of Negative Regulator of ROS by 15d-PGJ2 Attenuates H2O2-Induced IL-6 Expression in Rat Brain Astrocytes