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Deep-sea vesicomyid clams, including the genus Phreagena, harbor obligate sulfur-oxidizing symbiotic bacteria in gill epithelial cells. Difficulty in maintaining Phreagena clams in rearing tanks has been a major obstacle to achieving a better understanding of their unique biology. To improve the method of rearing Phreagena clams, here we reared them in an artificial chemosynthetic aquarium and evaluated the effects of the aquarium system on long-term clam rearing. We compared the survival of clams reared in the artificial chemosynthetic tank with the survival of those in the normal tank, and analyzed the symbiont abundance using semi-quantification of fluorescent in situ hybridization signals. Our results indicate that the artificial chemosynthetic aquarium system had specific effects on symbiont abundance and possibly on host survival. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopic observations of sulfur globules in the symbiont cells and expression analyses of the dsrA gene of the symbiont indicated that stocked elemental sulfur could be consumed as an energy source to reduce sulfide shortages. We discuss the importance of higher and more stable sulfide concentrations and the proportions of available O2 and CO2 in driving appropriate metabolic functions of the symbiont and improving the survival of the clams.

Effects of a long-term rearing system for deep-sea vesicomyid clams on host survival and endosymbiont retention