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Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) are a new class of organic salts whosemelting temperature falls below the conventional limit of 100C. Their low vaporpressure, moreover, has made these ionic compounds the solvents of choice ofthe so-called green chemistry. For these and other peculiar characteristics,they are increasingly used in industrial applications. However, studies oftheir interaction with living organisms have highlighted mild to severe healthhazards. Since their cytotoxicity shows a positive correlation with theirlipo-philicity, several chemical-physical studies of their interaction withbiomembranes have been carried out in the last few years, aiming to identifythe microscopic mechanisms behind their toxicity. Cation chain length and anionnature have been seen to affect the lipo-philicity and, in turn, the toxicityof RTILs. The emerging picture, however, raises new questions, points to theneed to assess toxicity on a case-by-case basis, but also suggests a potentialpositive role of RTILs in pharmacology, bio-medicine, and, more in general,bio-nano-technology. Here, we review this new subject of research, and commenton the future and the potential importance of this new field of study.

Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids Meet Bio-Membranes: the State-of-the- Art