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Based on observed minute precipitation data during Lekima influencing Zhejiang (from 2019–08-07 00:00:00 to 2019–08-12 23:55:00), the rainfall thresholds for debris flow and landslide are investigated. The rainfall intensity and duration (I-D) thresholds are  I  = 1247.73D −403.44  + 19.09 and  I  = 142.63D −0.58 –3.37 for debris flow and landslide, respectively. Hourly meteorological data and soil data reveal that (1) the soil volume water content (SVWC) at deep soil layers (50–100 cm) fluctuated continuously during the occurrence of debris flow and landslide. At the end of the landslide period, SVWC at deep soil layers returned stable. (2) At the same soil layer, there was little difference between the upper adjacent values of SVWC in the periods of debris flow and landslide, but the lower adjacent values in the period of landslide were smaller. However, different from the distribution of soil moisture, the lower adjacent values of the soil temperature at all layers were basically the same when debris flow and landslide occurred, while the upper adjacent values were higher when landslide occurred than when debris flow occurred. (3) Compared with the whole typhoon influencing period and debris flow occurrence period, ground surface temperature and surface air temperature, soil temperature, and surface air temperature showed better correlations in landslide occurrence period. (4) Both during debris flow and landslide occurrence time, the soil temperature at all layers did not change with the change of soil depth. Soil temperature and moisture at shallow soil layers owned better correlations than at deep soil layers.

The rainfall thresholds and soil characteristics of large geological disasters in Zhejiang, China