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In recent years Artificial Intelligence (AI) has gained much popularity, withthe scientific community as well as with the public. AI is often ascribed manypositive impacts for different social domains such as medicine and the economy.On the other side, there is also growing concern about its precarious impact onsociety and individuals. Several opinion polls frequently query the public fearof autonomous robots and artificial intelligence (FARAI), a phenomenon comingalso into scholarly focus. As potential threat perceptions arguably vary withregard to the reach and consequences of AI functionalities and the domain ofapplication, research still lacks necessary precision of a respectivemeasurement that allows for wide-spread research applicability. We propose afine-grained scale to measure threat perceptions of AI that accounts for fourfunctional classes of AI systems and is applicable to various domains of AIapplications. Using a standardized questionnaire in a survey study (N=891), weevaluate the scale over three distinct AI domains (loan origination, jobrecruitment and medical treatment). The data support the dimensional structureof the proposed Threats of AI (TAI) scale as well as the internal consistencyand factoral validity of the indicators. Implications of the results and theempirical application of the scale are discussed in detail. Recommendations forfurther empirical use of the TAI scale are provided.

The Threats of Artificial Intelligence Scale (TAI). Development, Measurement and Test Over Three Application Domains