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Whole genome duplications (WGDs) lead to polyploid specimens and are regarded as major drivers for speciation and diversification in plants. One prevalent problem when studying WGDs is that effects of polyploidization in ancient polyploids cannot be disentangled from the consequences of selective evolutionary forces. Cytotypic differences in distribution, phenotypic appearance and in response to surface elevation (determined by HOF-modeling) were identified in a relatively young taxa-group of a hexaploid F 1 -hybrid ( Spartina ×  townsendii  H. Groves &amp; J. Groves, Poaceae) and its dodecaploid descendent ( Spartina anglica  C.E. Hubbard, Poaceae) using vegetation assessments (1029 plots; 1 × 1 m 2 ) from the European Wadden Sea mainland salt marshes, including elevational and mean high tidal (MHT) data. While the F 1 -hybrid was mainly present in the eastern part of the Wadden Sea, its dodecaploid descendent occurred in the entire Wadden Sea area. The  Spartina  cytotypes differed in phenotypes (median of  Spartina  cover: hexaploid = 25% vs. dodecaploid = 12%) and in elevational niche-optimum (hexaploid = − 49.5 cm MHT vs. dodecaploid = 8.0 cm MHT). High ploidy levels correlated with establishment success in  Spartina  along geographic gradients but did not seem to increase the capacity to cope with abiotic severity downwards the elevational gradient in salt marshes.

The Overlooked Hybrid: Geographic Distribution and Niche Differentiation Between Spartina Cytotypes (Poaceae) in Wadden Sea Salt Marshes