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Sediments are utilized as a marker for events that endure long enough to manifest their environmental impacts and determine the contamination levels. The purpose of the present study was to highlight the current sediment quality of four Nile islands shores by utilizing a variety of physical, chemical, and biological aspects and indices. In addition, the status of benthic diatoms and macroinvertebrates, as well as their responses to sediment variables were investigated. The metals followed a decreasing concentration order: Al &gt; Fe &gt; Mn &gt; Zn &gt; Ni ≈ Cr &gt; Cu &gt; Co &gt; Pb &gt; Cd. The outcomes of metal pollution indices revealed some localized contaminated sites, by mostly Ni and Cd. In addition, a moderate toxic risk from metals was observed for El-Keratten shores, while the sediments of El-Warraq, El-Zamalek, and El-Manial islands shores were at low toxic risk. A total of 112 diatom species belonging to 24 genera were identified in the total sample set, where most of the diatoms encountered were cosmopolitan. Metals had a remarkable impact on the composition, distribution, and dominance of diatom assemblages, but had little effect on diatom diversity, while there was a noticeable effect of grain size on diatom distribution and diversity. Thirty-four species of benthic invertebrates were identified in the collected samples from the islands shores. The dominant taxa and groups of benthic invertebrates at different islands were affected by various sediment parameters, where the levels and types of such variables differed from one species to another. Graphical abstract

Benthic diatoms and macroinvertebrates status with relevant to sediment quality of islands shores in the Nile River, Egypt