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We investigated indirect defense in the yellow starthistle ()–grey garden slug ()–ground beetle ( and ) system. In this host plant/herbivore/predator system, the ground beetles are the primary predator of , the dominant herbivore of the highly invasive weed, . The aim of our study was to examine the behavioral responses of two species of ground beetle to olfactory stimuli emitted from yellow starthistle damaged by . The beetle  showed a significant preference for the odor of damaged yellow starthistle relative to the odor of intact plants, while  did not. Volatiles from -damaged yellow starthistle were collected and identified as --farnesene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, and 1,5,9-trimethyl-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene. No quantitative relationship was observed between beetle plant choice or decision time and the level of herbivory. Similarly, there was no relationship between volatile compound relative abundance and level of herbivory, suggesting that our range of leaf damage produces either undetectable semiochemicals or no variation in volatile emission.

anthropod-plant interactions

Orientation behavior of predaceous ground beetle species in response to volatile emissions identified from yellow starthistle damaged by an invasive slug