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Rumex tianschanicus x Rumex patientia is a high-biomass-yielding  plant  suitable  for  fuel  and  biogas production. The protocol of the hybrid sorrel micropropagation was used to study the changes in the photosystem II (PSII) activity as well as to analyse the ultrastructure of the chloroplasts. The lowest effective PSII quantum yield [Y(II)]  and  an  apparent  electron  transport  rate  of  PSII [ETR(II)]  were  observed  for  adventitious  shoots  that  had been  regenerated in vitro, before rooting. These fluorescence parameters were  higher and  similar  for  both  the leaves of the same adventitious shoots that had been rooted under in vitro conditions and for the shoots that had been acclimated and grown in ex vitro conditions. The analysis indicated  that  the  PSII  activity  strongly  depends  on  the formation of properly functioning roots and that in vitro or ex vitro culture conditions are, at least to some degree, less important.  TEM  analysis  revealed  that  chloroplasts  from plants   rooted   in   vitro   were   sufficiently   mature   and acclimatization processes have less impact on their devel-\udopment. This is the first report concerning the analysis of PSII activity and the ultrastructure of the chloroplasts at all of  the  stages  of  micropropagation,  i.e.  adventitious  shoot formation  in  vitro,  rooting  in  vitro  and  acclimation  to  ex vitro  conditions.  It  strongly  indicated  that  rooting  under in vitro conditions, rather than the acclimation to ex vitro conditions,  plays  a  key  role  in  the  development  of  a completely  functional photosynthetic  apparatus  in  hybrid sorrel

Rooting affects the photosystem II activity: in vitro and ex vitro studies on energy hybrid sorrel