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Considering snowmelt in mountainous areas as the important source of streamflow, the snow accumulation/melting processes are vital for accurate simulation of the hydrological regimes. The lack of snow-related data and its uncertainties/conceptual ambiguity in snowpack modeling are the different challenges of developing hydroclimatological models. To tackle these challenges, Global Gridded Snow Products (GGSPs) are introduced, which effectively simplify the identification of the spatial characteristics of snow hydrological variables. This research aims to investigate the performance of multi-source GGSPs using multi-stage calibration strategies in hydrological modeling. The used GGSPs were Snow-Covered Area (SCA) and Snow Water Equivalent (SWE), implemented individually or jointly to calibrate an appropriate water balance model. The study area was a mountainous watershed located in Western Iran with a considerable contribution of snowmelt to the generated streamflow. The results showed that using GGSPs as complementary information in the calibration process, besides streamflow time series, could improve the modeling accuracy compared to the conventional calibration, which is only based on streamflow data. The SCA with NSE, KGE, and RMSE values varying within the ranges of 0.47-0.57, 0.54-0.65, and 4-6.88, respectively, outperformed the SWE with the corresponding metrics of 0.36-0.59, 0.47-0.60, and 5.22-7.46, respectively, in simulating the total streamflow of the watershed. In addition to the superiority of the SCA over SWE, the two-stage calibration strategy reduced the number of optimized parameters in each stage and the dependency of internal processes on the streamflow and improved the accuracy of the results compared with the conventional calibration strategy. On the other hand, the consistent contribution of snowmelt to the total generated streamflow (ranging from 0.9 to 1.47) and the ratio of snow melting to snowfall (ranging from 0.925 to 1.041) in different calibration strategies and models resulted in a reliable simulation of the model.

frontiers of earth science

Hybrid global gridded snow products and conceptual simulations of distributed snow budget: evaluation of different scenarios in a mountainous watershed