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Silvicultural practices applied in managed forest plantations may help counteract the effects of climate change by influencing soil surface CO 2  efflux ( F  s ). Understanding the effects of silvicultural practices on  F  s  will provide unbiased estimates of carbon fluxes and allow better silvicultural decisions for carbon sequestration. Therefore, we assessed how  F  s  differed seasonally across silvicultural practices (i.e., stocking levels, clone, fertilization and weed control treatments) and evaluated the effects of soil temperature ( T  s ) and soil volumetric water content ( θ  v ) on  F  s  across these practices for a mid-rotation (14 year-old)  Pinus radiata  plantation in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. There were significant differences in  F  s  ( p  &lt; 0.05) over the four seasons, three levels of stocking, and five clones. The effects of fertilization and weed control applied 12 years previously on  F  s  were insignificant. Annual estimate of  F  s  (mean ± 1 standard deviation) from the study site was 22.7 ± 7.1 t ha −1  a −1  in the form of CO 2  (6.2 ± 2.1 t ha −1  a −1  in the form of C).  F  s  values were consistently higher in plots with 1250 stems ha −1  compared to 2500 stems ha −1 , which may be related to a strong soil resource limitation because of the close spacing in the latter plantation. Significant differences in  F  s  across clones suggest that variations in carbon partitioning might explain their growth performance. Silvicultural treatments influenced  F  s  response to soil temperature ( p  &lt; 0.05), resulting in models explaining 28–49% of the total variance in  F  s . These findings provide insights into how silvicultural management decisions may impact  F  s  in mid-rotation radiata pine plantations, contributing towards developing more precise and unbiased plantation carbon budgets.

journal of forestry research/journal of forestry research

The influence of stocking levels, clone, fertilization, and weed control on surface CO2 efflux in a mid-rotation Pinus radiata D. Don plantation in Canterbury, New Zealand