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In the USA, public health and medical professional associations have identified police violence as an issue of concern, calling for better monitoring of injuries caused by use of force and more research about the health consequences of police practices. A number of recent papers by public health scholars have addressed these issues: Some have examined the ways in which racially discriminatory policing influences health and community cohesion. Others have explored various options for using public health monitoring systems to provide better data to epidemiologists and the public on police-related fatalities and gunshot injuries. Still, others have produced analyses of existing injury and mortality data derived from hospital records and death certificates. Researchers have yet to answer basic epidemiological questions about police violence, however, such as whether the incidence rate of injuries caused by US police has changed over time, or the degree to which these injuries are properly coded as Blegal intervention^ (i.e., those caused by law enforcement, as per the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)) and are therefore identifiable in statistical analyses of hospital data. Additionally, little attention has been paid to the role of private security guards in use-of-force incidents, even as the private security industry has grown steadily since 2001, and the number of private guards in the USA has come to be roughly equal to the number of police officers. The ICD definition of legal intervention refers to injuries inflicted by Bpolice or other law-enforcing agents,^ and does not make explicit mention of private security guards. This study adds to a growing literature on legal intervention injuries by analyzing nationally representative US data on injuries inflicted by police and private security and treated in hospital emergency departments (EDs). We aim to determine how numerous these injuries are, whether incidence rates have changed over time, and whether these rates vary by race/ethnicity.

Temporal Trends and Racial/Ethnic Inequalities for Legal Intervention Injuries Treated in Emergency Departments: US Men and Women Age 15–34, 2001–2014