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The $W$-boson mass ($m_{W}=80.4335 \pm 0.0094 \mathrm{GeV}$) measured by theCollider Detector at Fermilab collaboration is greater than the standard model(SM) prediction at a confidence level of $7\sigma$, strongly suggesting thepresence of new particles or fields. In the literature, various new particlesand/or fields have been introduced to explain the astrophysical andexperimental data, and their presence, in principle, may also enhance the$W$-boson mass. In this study, we investigate axion-like particle (ALP), darkphoton (DP), and chameleon dark energy (DE) models for a solution to the$W$-boson mass excess. We find that the ALP and DP interpretations have beensignificantly narrowed down by global electroweak fits. The possibility ofattributing the $W-$boson mass anomaly to the chameleon DE is ruled out byother experiments.

Is the $W$-boson mass enhanced by the axion-like particle, dark photon, or chameleon dark energy?