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This study presents how phosphate (P) availability and intercropping may influence the migration of rare earth elements (REEs) in legume–grass associations. In a replacement model,  Hordeum vulgare  was intercropped with 11%  Lupinus albus  and 11%  Lupinus angustifolius . They were cultivated on two substrates, A (pH = 7.8) and B (pH = 6.6), and treated with 1.5 g P m −2  or 3 g P m −2 . Simultaneously, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to quantify carboxylate release. There, one group of  L. albus  and  L. angustifolius  was supplied with either 200 µmol L -1  P or 20 µmol L -1  P.  L. albus  released higher amounts of carboxylates at low P supply than  L. angustifolius , while  L. angustifolius  showed the opposite response. Plants cultivated on substrate B accumulated substantially higher amounts of nutrients and REE, compared to substrate A. Higher P supply did not influence the leaf and stem P concentrations of  H. vulgare . Addition of P decreased REE accumulation in barley monocultures on alkaline soil A. However, when  H. vulgare  was cultivated in mixed culture with  L. angustifolius  on alkaline substrate A with high P supply, the accumulation of REE in  H. vulgare  significantly increased. Conversely, on acidic substrate B, intercropping with  L. albus  decreased REE accumulation in  H. vulgare . Our findings suggest a predominant effect of soil properties on the soil–plant transfer of REEs. However, in plant communities and within a certain soil environment, interspecific root interactions determined by species-specific strategies related to P acquisition in concert with the plant’s nutrient supply impact REE fluxes between neighbouring plants.

environmental science and pollution research international

Effect of substrate properties and phosphorus supply on facilitating the uptake of rare earth elements (REE) in mixed culture cropping systems of Hordeum vulgare, Lupinus albus and Lupinus angustifolius