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This investigation was conducted to identify the content of metals in  Calluna vulgaris  (family  Ericaceae ),  Empetrum nigrum  (family  Ericaceae ),  Festuca vivipara  (family  Poaceae ) and  Thymus praecox  subsp.  arcticus  (family  Lamiaceae ), as well as in the soils where they were growing in eight geothermal heathlands in Iceland. Investigation into the vegetation of geothermal areas is crucial and may contribute to their proper protection in the future and bring more understanding under what conditions the plants respond to an ecologically more extreme situation. Plants from geothermally active sites were enriched with metals as compared to the same species from non-geothermal control sites (at an average from about 150 m from geothermal activity). The enriched metals consisted of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe and Ni in  C. vulgaris ; Cd, Mn and Ti in  E. nigrum ; Hg and Pb in  F. vivipara ; and Cd, Fe and Hg in  T. praecox . Notably,  C. vulgaris ,  E. nigrum ,  F. vivipara  and  T. praecox  had remarkably high concentrations of Ti at levels typical of toxicity thresholds. Cd and Pb (except for  C. vulgaris  and  F. vivipara ) were not accumulated in the shoots of geothermal plants.  C. vulgaris  from geothermal and control sites was characterised by the highest bioaccumulation factor (BF) of Ti and Mn;  E. nigrum  and  F. vivipara  by the highest BF of Ti and Cr; and  T. praecox  by the highest BF of Ti and Zn compared to the other elements. In comparison with the other examined species,  F. vivipara  from geothermal sites had the highest concentration of Ti in above-ground parts at any concentration of plant-available Ti in soil.

Metals in Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum nigrum, Festuca vivipara and Thymus praecox ssp. arcticus in the geothermal areas of Iceland