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Worldwide, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a prominent model for b iomedica l research and (eco)toxicology (Strähle et al. 2012). Within favourable conditions, female fish are able to spawn year round every 2–3 days. They spawn up to 200 eggs with a transparent chorion per female. This characteristic makes them a very suitable test organism in biology as their larval development can be observed readily (Scholz et al. 2008). Additionally, zebrafish are easily obtainable, maintainable and inexpensive (Braunbeck et al. 2015) and suitable for being used as an effectbased monitoring tool under the water framework directive (Wernersson et al. 2015). In our society, we have a high use of chemicals that spread across the world with potential health risks for humans and wildlife. Many of these compounds enter the aquatic system and accumulate in sediments and represent multi-component chemical “cocktails” of pollutants posing different threats not only to wildlife but also to humans. Under regular environmental conditions, organisms can be exposed to multiple chemicals associated with different risks and specific effects, e.g. teratogenicity, immune toxicity and suppression, genotoxicity and endocrine disruption. Moreover, it has been repeatedly demonstrated that pollutants and the underlying toxic responses may interact and generate effects that are different from the toxicity of the individual chemicals. However, at the present time, risk assessment and evaluation of chemicals is mainly based on risks that can be posed by single chemicals. On the other hand, risk assessments of environmental samples are mostly limited to the chemical analyses of the present pollutions. Understanding the effects of mixture toxicity, generally referred to as “cocktail effects,” represents one of today’s greatest challenges not only in environmental but also in human toxicology. In addition, there is a dire need to develop novel biological test systems and test strategies which can be used for risk assessment of complex environmental samples. Future risk assessment strategies should integrate toxicological endpoints and chemical analysis in order to identify the chemicals causing a threat for the environment. Zebrafish is one of only a few fish species whose genome is sequenced and publicly available and can be also used for investigating mechanism-specific effects. This allows the usage of zebrafish in environmental studies which can provide information regarding the molecular mechanism and related morphological alterations of an organism to changing environmental conditions. Moreover, many of the critical pathways that regulate vertebrate development are highly conserved between humans and zebrafish, and approximately, 70 % of all genes associated with diseases in humans have functional homologs in zebrafish (Langheinrich 2003). Thus, zebrafish represents a prominent model organism to investigate the health risks of pollutants towards humans and the environment. Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Danio rerio as a model in aquatic toxicology and sediment research