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Purpose Models of appetite control have been largely based on negative feedback from gut and adipose signaling to central appetite centers. However, contemporary models posit that fat-free mass (FFM) or the energy demand of FFM [i.e., resting metabolic rate (RMR)] may play a primary role in the motivational drive for food intake (i.e., food reinforcement). The relative reinforcing value of food (RRV food ) is associated with energy intake (EI) and increases with an acute energy deficit. Chronic exercise-induced energy deficits lead to alterations in fat mass (FM), FFM, and RMR and provide an opportunity to test whether change in (∆) FM, ∆FFM, ∆usual EI, or ∆RMR are associated with ∆RRV food . Methods Participants ( n  = 29, BMI = 25–35 kg/m 2 ) engaged in aerobic exercise expending 300 or 600 kcal, 5 days/weeks for 12 weeks. The reinforcing value of food (PMax food ) was measured via a computer-based operant responding task and RRV food  was calculated as the reinforcing value of food relative to non-eating sedentary behaviors. RMR was determined by indirect calorimetry and body composition by DXA. Results Post-training FFM correlated with usual post-training EI ( r   s   = 0.41,  p  &lt; 0.05), PMax food  ( r   s = 0.52,  p  &lt; 0.01), and RMR ( r   s   = 0.85,  p  &lt; 0.0001). ∆RMR negatively correlated with ∆PMax food  ( r   s   = − 0.38,  p  &lt; 0.05) and with ∆RRV food  ( r   s   = − 0.37,  p  &lt; 0.05). ∆PMax food  and ∆RRV food  were not associated with ∆FFM ( p  = 0.71,  p  = 0.57, respectively). Conclusions Reductions in RMR with weight loss may increase food reinforcement as means of restoring FFM and RMR to pre-weight loss amounts. Limiting reductions in RMR during weight loss may benefit weight maintenance by restricting increases in food reinforcement after weight loss.

Influence of fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate on increased food reinforcement after exercise training