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Objective  Nitisinone induced hypertyrosinaemia is a concern in patients with Alkaptonuria (AKU). It has been suggested that this may alter neurotransmitter metabolism, specifically dopamine and serotonin. Herein mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is used for the direct measurement of 2,4-diphenyl-pyranylium tetrafluoroborate (DPP-TFB) derivatives of monoamine neurotransmitters in brain tissue from a murine model of AKU following treatment with nitisinone.    Methods  Metabolite changes were assessed using MSI on DPP-TFB derivatised fresh frozen tissue sections directing analysis towards primary amine neurotransmitters. Matched tail bleed plasma samples were analysed using LC-MS/MS. Eighteen BALB/c mice were included in this study: HGD −/−  (n = 6, treated with nitisinone – 4 mg/L, in drinking water); HGD −/−  (n = 6, no treatment) and HGD +/−  (n = 6, no treatment).    Results  Ion intensity and distribution of DPP-TFB derivatives in brain tissue for dopamine, 3-methoxytyramine, noradrenaline, tryptophan, serotonin, and glutamate were not significantly different following treatment with nitisinone in HGD −/−  mice, and no significant differences were observed between HGD −/−  and HGD +/−  mice that received no treatment. Tyrosine (10-fold in both comparisons, p = 0.003; [BALB/c HGD −/−  (n = 6) and BALB/c HGD +/−  (n = 6) (no treatment) vs. BALB/c HGD −/−  (n = 6, treated)] and tyramine (25-fold, p = 0.02; 32-fold, p = 0.02) increased significantly following treatment with nitisinone. Plasma tyrosine and homogentisic acid increased (9-fold, p = < 0.0001) and decreased (9-fold, p = 0.004), respectively in HGD −/−  mice treated with nitisinone.    Conclusions  Monoamine neurotransmitters in brain tissue from a murine model of AKU did not change following treatment with nitisinone. These findings have significant implications for patients with AKU as they suggest monoamine neurotransmitters are not altered following treatment with nitisinone.

metabolomics

Assessing the effect of nitisinone induced hypertyrosinaemia on monoamine neurotransmitters in brain tissue from a murine model of alkaptonuria using mass spectrometry imaging