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In Northern Europe, maize early-sowing used to maximize yield may lead to moderate damages of seedlings due to chilling without visual phenotypes. Genetic studies and breeding for chilling tolerance remain necessary, and metabolic markers would be particularly useful in this context.    Objectives  Using an untargeted metabolomic approach on a collection of maize hybrids, our aim was to identify metabolite signatures and/or metabolites associated with chilling responses at the vegetative stage, to search for metabolites differentiating groups of hybrids based on silage-earliness, and to search for marker-metabolites correlated with aerial biomass.    Methods  Thirty genetically-diverse maize dent inbred-lines ( Zea mays ) crossed to a flint inbred-line were sown in a field to assess metabolite profiles upon cold treatment induced by a modification of sowing date, and characterized with climatic measurements and phenotyping.    Results  NMR- and LC-MS-based metabolomic profiling revealed the biological variation of primary and specialized metabolites in young leaves of plants before flowering-stage. The effect of early-sowing on leaf composition was larger than that of genotype, and several metabolites were associated to sowing response. The metabolic distances between genotypes based on leaf compositional data were not related to the genotype admixture groups, and their variability was lower under early-sowing than normal-sowing. Several metabolites or metabolite-features were related to silage-earliness groups in the normal-sowing condition, some of which were confirmed the following year. Correlation networks involving metabolites and aerial biomass suggested marker-metabolites for breeding for chilling tolerance.    Conclusion  After validation in other experiments and larger genotype panels, these marker-metabolites can contribute to breeding.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1007/s11306-018-1427-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Metabotyping of 30 maize hybrids under early-sowing conditions reveals potential marker-metabolites for breeding