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Bumble bees are common in Japan. Various ecological studies have been carried out (e.g. Sakagami 1976; Yumoto 1986; Kato et al. 1993; Sota 1993; Tomono & Sota 1997). Most of them were performed at highlands or at cool latitude, and there are few studies on bumble bees living in lowlands. Moreover, those studies focused on efficiency of foraging in a given flower field without consideration of colony locations. Bumble bee colonies are very difficult to find. Queens construct colonies underground or around grass roots, using ratholes, incrustation of litter or spaces between rocks and ground (Katayama & Ochiai 1980). Animals that forage from a single location exhibit central place foraging (Schoener 1979; Cresswell et al. 2000). Central place foraging has been considered in terms of optimal foraging theory with respect to the economics of dietary choice (Lessells & Stephens 1983; Lifjeld 1989), patch use (Schoener 1979), and load size (Schmid-Hempel et al. 1985). Central place foraging also has demerits. For example, central place foragers compete severely with the other members of the same colony, as the density around it tends to be high. If bumble bee workers and queens are omniscient, the optimal colony location will be the central place, where they can forage most efficiently. Using resource amount or number of foraging workers, the optimal colony location can be estimated. One way to estimate the colony location is the ‘moving average model’ that we propose in this study. The model calculates a spatial moving average of surrounding resource amount for a colony centered at the searching radius. In this paper, we investigated the bumble bee ecology living in lowland in Japan, and tried to estimate the locations of their colonies. Fortunately, we found a colony of Bombus ardens, and we compared the true location of the colony with the estimated colony locations. We also investigated the traffic of workers in and out of the colony.

Estimating colony locations of bumble bees with moving average model