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Leucojum aestivum  L. is a wetland-dependent perennial geophyte occurring in Europe and western Asia. It is self-incompatible, with high level of fruit-set and seed-set. Yet, its pollinators are poorly known. Here, we present the most recent research on potential pollinators of  L. aestivum . We collected data on flower-visiting and pollen-carrying arthropods in three populations of the species in the River Po plain (N-Italy), where  L. aestivum  occurs mainly in forests with  Alnus glutinosa  and  Fraxinus  sp. pl. close to rivers. We studied a wild population, a new reintroduced population and an ex situ population located at the Botanical Garden of the University of Pavia. Our study identified 18 arthropod taxa carrying  L. aestivum  pollen; the soft-winged flower beetle  Dasytes plumbeus  (Coleoptera: Melyridae) and the sac-spider  Clubiona  sp. pl. (Araneae: Clubionidae) were the most frequent visitors. Hymenoptera only occasionally visited  L. aestivum  flowers (e.g. the sweat bee  Lasioglossum punctatissimum ).  D. plumbeus , the long-horned beetle  Grammoptera ruficornis  (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae),  Clubiona  sp. pl. and  L. punctatissimum  resulted in the taxa with the highest average abundance of pollen grains on their body suggesting a potential role in  L. aestivum  pollination. Differences in flower-visiting and pollen-carrying arthropods were observed between the three populations, with a decreasing taxonomic diversity of visiting species from the wild population to the ex situ population. Our results, based on direct observation in the field, are partially in contrast with a previous study on  L. aestivum  pollinators that suggested diurnal and nocturnal Lepidoptera and occasionally bees as main pollinators for the species.

Flower-visiting and pollen-carrying arthropods of Leucojum aestivum L. (Amaryllidaceae) in wild, reintroduced and ex situ populations